It is monomeric hexose six-carbon sugar. The molecular formula for glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6. It is the most abundantly found monosaccharide in the category of carbohydrates. Glucose is produced by plants and algae, during the process of photosynthesis the plants using water and carbon dioxide, and sunlight as a source of energy in the cell walls produce carbohydrates.
Glucose is one of the most vital sources of energy for all living beings. In plants, as starch and amylopectin glucose for metabolism is stored as polymer, and in the blood of the animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is D-glucose whereas the synthetically formed one is known as L-glucose. The molecules in glucose can either occur in open-chain acyclic or ring form cyclic. Glucose is a compound that naturally forms or occurs in all living beings.
In fruits or other plant parts, they occur naturally whereas in animals it is released breaking down glycogen with the process of glycogenosis.
Glycogen is polymeric glucose. It is a multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose which serves as a storage energy form in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
This polysaccharide structure represents the major storage of glucose within the body within the animals, the glycogen molecules storage is larger for extra glucose. Interestingly, the pathology reported begins with hyperfiltration and then a progressive loss of GFR, proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis which are common to all CKD including diabetic kidney disease, and in GSD I this commonly progresses to renal failure and death [ 73 ].
GSD I nephropathy and diabetic kidney disease also have some similar metabolic perturbations, including increases in circulating glucagon and alanine liver gluconeogenic precursor concentrations, lipolysis, lactate production and hepatic very low density lipoprotein [ 74 ].
A kidney specific knockout of glucose 6 phosphatase led to early tubular dysfunction and later glomerular destruction, with the development of polycystic kidneys [ 75 ]. This results in glycogen accumulating in the liver and kidneys and can involve glomerular hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria and glomerular mesangial expansion.
This kidney glycogen accumulation is largely due to the inability of glucose to exit the kidney's proximal tubule cells, which usually have GLUT2 receptors on the basolateral membrane to release reabsorbed glucose back into the bloodstream [ 76 ]. However, in Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, the glycogen accumulation is localised to the proximal tubule rather than the further down the nephron as reported in DKD.
Diabetes is the principal cause of chronic kidney disease, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Finding new strategies to inhibit the complications associated with diabetes will greatly decrease the burden of this disease.
While kidneys usually contain low amounts of glycogen, a highly branched storage molecule of glucose, large deposits are present in diabetic kidneys.
The significance of this accumulation is unknown, including whether the glycogen is metabolically active, contributes to kidney glucose release into the blood stream, is being utilized by the renal cells for fuel generation, or whether the accumulated glycogen forms insoluble glycogen bodies, comparable to those seen in glycogen storage diseases such as Lafora disease. In glycogen storage disorders, these insoluble polyglucosan bodies elicit the significant cellular damage accompanying these conditions.
Understanding whether renal glycogen seen in diabetes is pathological or a compensatory pathway to prevent glucose mediated damage may help shed light on future strategies to prevent DKD. If glycogen is found to be pathological, treatments that prevent this accumulation, similar to those currently being developed for diseases such as Lafora disease, may help mitigate diabetes associated kidney damage.
The predominant outstanding question highlighted in this review is whether the glycogen that accumulates in kidneys in individuals with diabetes is pathological, protective or inconsequential to kidney health and function. It is still unknown whether the targeting of glycogen metabolism could be an effective therapeutic treatment strategy aimed at preventing diabetic kidney.
Articles cited in this review were found using multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scifinder, Scopus and Google Scholar. We excluded articles that had not undergone peer review or that did not have a version written or translated in English. Both M. S and J.
S was responsible for the first draft. F edited multiple iterations, providing extensive feedback and alterations. We would like to thank Rani Whiddett for proof reading the manuscript.
The funders had no role in paper design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation and writing of the paper. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List EBioMedicine v. Published online Aug Mitchell A. Josephine M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Sullivan: ua. Forbes: ua. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Glucose metabolism in the kidney is currently foremost in the minds of nephrologists, diabetologists and researchers globally, as a result of the outstanding success of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing renal and cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes.
Introduction Globally, there are currently over million people estimated to have diabetes. Main text 2. Glycogen as a key molecule regulating blood glucose concentrations Maintenance of blood glucose concentrations between 3. Structure of glycogen and functional properties The fate of the majority of blood glucose postprandially is storage via conversion into glycogen. Open in a separate window.
Diabetes and tissue specific glycogen accumulation Diabetes has been shown to affect the content of glycogen in numerous tissues see Fig. Glucose metabolism in the kidney The contribution of the kidneys to glucose homeostasis has historically been overshadowed by the liver, although it was acknowledged as early as [ 42 ].
The kidney as a site for glucose synthesis The role of the kidney however, is not only to reabsorb glucose filtered from the blood, but to also synthesize new glucose via gluconeogenesis. Kidneys as glucose consumers The kidneys are extremely high consumers of energy, with a high density of mitochondria seen in the renal tubules [ 57 ]. Kidneys as a site for glycogen synthesis There are usually negligible levels of glycogen measurable in renal tissue. Kidney's involvement in glycogen storage disorders Clues as to whether or not abnormal glycogen accumulation in the kidneys can lead to tissue damage may be garnered from known glycogen storage diseases GSDs.
Conclusions Diabetes is the principal cause of chronic kidney disease, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Outstanding questions The predominant outstanding question highlighted in this review is whether the glycogen that accumulates in kidneys in individuals with diabetes is pathological, protective or inconsequential to kidney health and function.
Search strategy and selection criteria Articles cited in this review were found using multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scifinder, Scopus and Google Scholar. Author contributions Both M.
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Nat Commun. McManus E. Role that phosphorylation of GSK3 plays in insulin and Wnt signalling defined by knockin analysis. Hence, it is better to have sufficient amounts of glucose in the body so that the glucose can be used for other more vital functions like for brain function and not for the provision of energy for your muscles.
This can be done by taking in some simple carbohydrates after you engage in strenuous physical exertions the time when your body is usually low in glycogen. Glycogen is a bigger described as a dendrimer of several hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules and is a more complex sugar being a polysaccharide while glucose is the simplest form of sugar being a monosaccharide.
Glycogen is the storage type of glucose that is formed and kept in the muscles, liver and even in the brain. Glycogen is a reserve of energy or a back-up energy in case other energy sources in the form of glucose become depleted while glucose is the primary energy source for almost all biologic processes.
Cite APA 7 ,. Difference Between Glucose and Glycogen. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. MLA 8 ,. Check out the spelling on these three please! Your site is simply awesome. Good work guyzzzzz. Keep it up.
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